Fire Alarm Building System Integration

Integration in a Fire Alarm System involves connecting the system to other building systems, to help in the egress of a building, prevent fire and toxic smoke from spreading, notify people on and off site, automate evacuation produces, are the most common use of building system integration.

Codes and Standards

Some of these building systems integrations are required by code to be installed and operational depending on the building.

NFPA 72 requires the fire alarm system to remain operational even if any component not related the system is non functional.

Supervision codes depend on whether that system integration is required or not, and other codes.

Egress Integrations

Access control

Some doors may unlock upon activation of the fire alarm system to maximize the available egress options and allow firefighters to easily access the building. Depending on whether the lock is failsafe or fail secure, this can be accomplished by either disconnecting power to the lock or applying power to a certain input.

Several code requirements dictate the integration of fire alarm systems with electrically locked doors:

• NFPA 72 section 21.10 states that if FACP power is used to keep an egress door locked, then the door must unlock within 10 minutes of AC power loss, and that any egress door unlocked by the fire alarm system must unlock no later than the activation of occupant notification and remain unlocked until the system is reset.
• NFPA 1 and NFPA 101 include several requirements surrounding electrically locked doors:
  • NFPA 1 section 14.5.3.1 and NFPA 101 section 7.2.1.6.1 require delayed egress systems to unlock immediately upon activation of a sprinkler, a single heat detector, or two smoke detectors.
  • NFPA 1 section 14.5.3.2 and NFPA 101 section 7.2.1.6.2 require sensor-release systems to completely unlock upon activation of any fire alarm initiating device besides a pull station and remain unlocked until the fire alarm system is reset.
  • NFPA 1 section 14.5.3.4 and NFPA 101 section 7.2.1.6.4 requires locked doors between elevator lobbies and exit access to unlock upon activation of any fire alarm initiating device besides a pull station and remain unlocked until the system is reset.
  • NFPA 101 sections 18.2.2.2.5, 19.2.2.2.5, 20.2.2.2.6, and 21.2.2.2.6 require patient room doors locked against egress to unlock upon activation of the smoke detection system or sprinkler system, if the purpose of the lock is to ensure the safety of the patient. This integration is not required if the lock is in use due to the patient posing a security threat.
• IBC and IFC similarly include several requirements surrounding electrically locked doors:
  • Section 1010.2.11 requires sensor-release systems to completely unlock upon activation of the fire alarm system.
  • Section 1010.2.12 requires delayed egress systems to unlock immediately upon activation of the sprinkler system or fire detection system and remain unlocked until the delayed egress system is manually rearmed.
  • Section 1010.2.13 requires controlled egress systems to unlock upon activation of the sprinkler system or smoke detection system.
  • Section 1010.2.14 requires locked doors between elevator lobbies and exit access to unlock upon activation of any fire alarm initiating device besides a pull station and remain unlocked until the fire alarm system is reset.
  • Section 1010.2.15 requires egress doors in correctional facilities to unlock upon activation of a sprinkler system, a pull station, and/or a constantly attended manual release switch.
• NFPA 1 section 14.5.2.7 and NFPA 101 section 7.2.1.5.7 require all stairwell doors to unlock upon fire alarm activation and allow re-entry, with a few exceptions, including stairwells where a sufficient quantity of doors are always unlocked.
• IBC/IFC section 1010.2.6 requires all stairwell doors to unlock upon fire alarm activation and allow re-entry.

Elevators

Recall

Elevator recall will send and lock elevators to the ground floor during a fire alarm event, preventing people from getting stuck inside and allow firefighters quick access. Elevator recall is governed by the following requirements:

• ASME A17.1 sections 2.27.3.2 and 2.27.4.2 provide requirements for fire alarm initiating devices surrounding elevators.
  • Initiating devices must be installed in elevator lobbies, machine rooms, and sprinklered hoistways, in accordance with NFPA 72 or NBCC.
  • Required initiating devices on the designated level must initiate a recall to the alternate level.
  • Required initiating devices below the lower recall level must initiate a recall to the upper recall level.
  • All other required initiating devices must initiate a recall to the designated level.
• NFPA 72 section 21.3 provides requirements for fire alarm integration with elevators.
  • Elevator recall initiating devices must be connected to a fire alarm system, but with AHJ approval, the elevator recall initiating devices may produce a supervisory signal instead of an alarm signal.
  • Unrelated initiating devices cannot initiate elevator recall without AHJ approval.
  • Elevator recall initiating devices must be smoke detectors unless ambient conditions prohibit them.
  • Initiating devices cannot be installed in unsprinklered elevator hoistways unless required by ASME A17.1
  • Initiating devices must be installed at the top and/or bottom of elevator hoistways, depending on where the sprinklers are located.
  • All hoistway smoke detectors must be listed for the appropriate conditions.
  • The fire alarm system must provide 3 outputs to the elevator system: designated level recall, alternate level recall, and an output for machine room devices. The designated level and alternate level recall outputs must conform to the same requirements as ASME A17.1's conditions for recall.

Power shutdown

Elevators may also completely shut down in the presence of a fire to mitigate safety hazards caused by sprinkler systems. This is governed by the following requirements:

• ASME A17.1 section 2.8.3.3 imposes the basic requirements for the shutdown function:
  • Shutdown is required on elevators with recall functionality in sprinklered hoistways if the activation of the sprinkler heads poses a safety hazard, except in NBCC jurisdictions.
  • The power must be disconnected no later than the activation of the sprinkler head.
  • Sprinklers outside the elevator hoistway should not disconnect elevator power, nor should smoke detectors.
  • Heat detectors and flow switches used for elevator power shutdown must comply with the NFPA 72 requirements.
• NFPA 72 section 21.4 provides requirements for the functionality of the fire alarm system:
  • If heat detectors are used for shutdown, then they must be supervised, have a lower RTI and temperature than the sprinkler head, and be within 24 inches of the sprinkler heads.
  • If pressure or flow switches are used for shutdown, then they must be supervised and cannot have any time delay.
  • A supervisory condition must occur if a circuit controlling the shutdown loses power.

HVAC Shutdown

HVAC Shutdown shuts down air vents to prevent the spread of smoke in response to a duct smoke detector. The following code requirements dictate this integration:

• NFPA 72 includes requirements related to the duct smoke detectors:
  • Section 17.7.4 includes basic environmental compatibility requirements of the detectors.
  • Section 21.7.4 requires duct smoke detectors to produce supervisory signals unless nobody is present to receive the supervisory signal or another code requires an alarm signal.
• NFPA 90A section 11.4 requires duct smoke detectors in all sufficiently large supply and return ducts, although the detectors may be omitted from return ducts if open area protection is provided.
• IMC includes requirements for the operation of the duct:
  • Section 606.2 requires duct smoke detectors in all sufficiently large return air systems, unless open area smoke detection is provided in relevant areas, and section 606.3 requires these detectors to comply with NFPA 72.
  • Section 606.4 requires the smoke detectors specified in section 606.2 (either open area or duct detectors) to either shut down the HVAC system or activate a smoke control system, and to either report a supervisory signal at a constantly attended location or activate the building fire alarm system.

NFPA 72 section 17.12.9 also requires system designers to consider the effect of an HVAC system on the spread of carbon monoxide, and if necessary, provide carbon monoxide detectors that will shut down the HVAC system.

Door Holders

Door holders keep fire doors open during a normal condition using electromagnets, and during a fire, the magnets loose power, shutting the doors and preventing fire and toxic smoke from spreading.

Communication systems

Background music

Background music systems may be automatically disabled upon fire alarm activation to make the fire alarm tone more apparent. This can be accomplished by disconnecting the speakers used to produce the background music; alternatively, many voice evacuation systems allow background music to be played through fire alarm speakers and overridden by fire alarm signals.

Several codes dictate the disconnection of background music systems.

• NFPA 72 section 18.4.4.5 states that if background music is disabled upon fire alarm activation, then the average and maximum ambient sound levels used to determine audibility requirements are permitted to be measured without the background music, provided that the area is covered with visual signals.
• NFPA 101 sections 12.4.9.2.2 and 13.4.9.2.2 require conflicting sounds and visuals in special amusement buildings to be terminated upon suppression or smoke detector activation, unless provisions for an attraction operator to manually terminate the features are approved by an AHJ.
• IBC section 411.3.2 and IFC section 914.7.2.2 require conflicting sounds and visuals in special amusement buildings to be terminated upon any activation of the fire alarm system.

Exit signs

NFPA 101 section 7.10.5.2.2 allows exit signs to begin flashing upon activation of the fire alarm system. This option is not permitted by IBC.

Mass notification

Main article: Mass Notification Systems

Many MNS Systems can be connected to the Fire Alarm System to notify more people on or off site, about the a fire emergency. MNS Systems typically involve IP Speakers, IP Displays, IP Phones, TV's, Computer/Phone apps, SMS/Email notifications, and incident management software. This allows for better notification of a fire emergency across a campus or company.